Globalisations Effect on National Governance

Globalisations Effect on National Governance Globalisation has significantly reduced the ability of governments to govern. Do you agree? Discuss. Globalisation, according to Van Acker and Curran (2004), is the process of increasingly international integration and global interchange of trade, markets, products, ideas and other aspects of culture, which is triggered by technological innovations and â€Å"underpinned by shifting power relations that sees finance capital as relatively dominant and transnational corporations as very powerful vis-à  -vis the nation state† (p.3). It is obvious that globalisation has changed the world dramatically and its profound impacts can be seen in every aspect in our society. It brings about numerous positive influences including creating greater access to goods from all over the world; extending international and intercontinental exchanges, and improving economic development (Baines Ursah, 2009). However, great opportunities come with great threats. Many studies show that there is a clear connection between globalisation and unemployment and financial crisis; as well as with environmen tal problems and inequity (Madeley, 2009). Thousands of studies have been done by worldwide experts to analyse its influences upon economy, politics and sociology, yet the results are still highly diversified and paradoxical. Regarding globalisation’s impacts on politics, several scholars have claimed that, besides a number of advantages, it also results in various negative consequences for many countries’ governments (Daalder Lindsay, 2003; Van der Westhuizen, 2009). This paper strongly argues that globalisation notably weakens the ability of government to govern, especially in terms of the eruption of the internet, and the growth of terrorism – which are considered as by-products of globalisation. The essay also includes an opportunistic effect of globalisation in reducing corruption in certain governments. As a product, as well as a catalyst of globalisation, internet is a global system of many independent networks containing unlimited resources of information and services that can be accessed almost everywhere all around the world (Horner, 1997). With nearly three billion users worldwide, however, the rapid expansion of the internet has led to a global crisis of governance (Morozov, 2010). This happens due to the fact that the internet is operated without a central governing authority, as well as the borderless nature of itself (Rose, 2005). Additionally, many scholars argue that the management of the Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers a private non-profit organisation headquartered in the USA, over the domain name system – a crucial element for the function of the internet, has significantly reduced the power and governing ability of national governments, especially towards communication and information policy (Palfrey, 2004). Obvious examples are misinformat ion, illegal transaction, online piracy, copyright infringement, espionage, and cyber hacking that occur every second on the internet in which the government is not able to have a full control of (Galicki, Havens, Pelker, 2014), thus in this case, the government’s ability to govern is lessened and limited so remarkably that it is put on a high risk situation of being attacked. Another significant example relates to the Titan Rain cyber attack in 2004 in which several United States defence contractor computer systems, including those at NASA, the Lockheed Martin, Redstone Arsenal, and Sandia National Laboratories, were attacked and infiltrated in order to gain illegal access to military intelligence and classified data. This attack is believed to have its origin from Chinese government and is considered as one of the biggest cyber raids in the internet era (Miles, 2011). Another interesting case is the Arab Spring in the Middle East and North Africa since 2010. This massive event, which was triggered partly by the online diplomatic cable leak in November 2010, includes a series of politic activities such as protests, demonstrations, riots, and civil war that led to mass government overthrown and changes throughout the countries of the Arab League and surroundings (Jones, 2012). These activities were extremely well-organised and wildly spread by the effectiv e use of social media and the internet (Jones, 2012). These evidences illustrate how vulnerable national governance can become when confronting with the eruption of the internet and globalisation. Another challenge of globalisation that reduces government’s governing ability is terrorism. According to Zimmermann (2011), there is a close connection between globalisation and the rapid growth of terrorism globally. The technological revolution and mass media, the interconnectedness between individuals and organisations, migration, all of which are associated with globalisation, play an important role for terror networks to strengthen and enlarge their power internationally. In particular, a globalised trade makes the arms trade more globalised, thus weapons can easily get into the wrong hands (Stohl Grillot, 2013). Moreover, thanks to technological advancement, the internet, and the high availability of inexpensive hi-tech devices and softwares, many terrorists and terror groups can easily spread fears and improve their impacts worldwide by creating their online existence, popularising videos and footages of terrorist acts such as roadside bombs, beheading, or executions. The use of these means also significantly enhances their communication potential more than ever. The most recent example of this is a series of beheading videos circulated online by a terror group named Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant in 2014 (Porter, 2014). Using these videos with wide coverage, this group were successful in stretching fears and showing to those opposing them, especially the USA and other Western countries, how violent and powerful they are. Another famous case is Mustafa Setmarian Nasar – a first generation terrorist who attempted to accomplish everlasting influences by uploading his terrorist videos on the internet before being arrested in Pakistan in 2006 (Shlapentokh, 2012). These proofs have demonstrated how considerably globalisation can promote terrorism. The question needs to be answered now is how terrorism can negatively affect the capability of governments to govern. According to Kampf (2014), terrorism is defined as political violence involving political aims and motives from an illicit identifiable organisation, which is designed to generate terror and psychic fear by conducting acts of violence, such as brutal victimisation, and exploitation or non-combatant target massacre, in order to achieve certain desired goals. Such activities, with their intense political consequences, extremely reduce governments’ governing ability in different ways, and at different levels. Numerous recent studies have shown that terrorism can actively affect and shape the course of domestic politics by modifying the preferences of voters and voting behaviour during an electoral campaign. Terrorist activities also have strong impacts on government formation as well as its survival (Indridason, 2008). A salient example for this case is the unexpected victory of the Socialist party over the People’s party – the incumbent governing party, during the Spanish legislative elections in 2004. This surprised outcome is believed due to three terrorist bomb attacks on the Madrid train line that killed and injured hundreds of people, which happened just three days before the Election Day (Indridason, 2008). In addition to those hypotheses, William, Koach and Smith (2012) asserted that terrorist activities also harmfully impact the stability of parliamentary governments. Furthermore, some governments might become too sensitive and their duration could be shortened due to the effects of terror attacks. It is obvious that by contributing to the growth of terrorism, transitively, globalisation with all of its advanced products and components can seriously weaken the governing ability of certain governments, or even make them overthrown. Nevertheless, one can argue that globalisation can also bring opportunities for stronger governing abilities among certain governments. An important example of such positive impacts relates to reduced corruption, since corruption can threaten the legitimacy of the incumbent government and lead to public dissatisfaction (Seligson, 2002). Many studies have been done to analyse the relations between globalisation and corruption to find out either they are directly or inversely proportional to each other. Interestingly, most of them conclude the latter. By examining data from 127 countries, a research in 2011 claimed that globalisation is a powerful weapon to oppose corruption, especially for those countries with middle and high income (Lalountas, Manolas Vavouras, 2011). Similar results and findings have been made by Asongu in a recent research in 2014. Additionally, another study conducted in 2001, evaluating information from several countries during a twenty-year long period, demonst rated that the casual connection from openness to corruption is persistent and strong, and that openness can indeed lead to a reduction in corruption (Bussolo, Bonaglia Braga de Macedo, 2011). In conclusion, this paper has demonstrated that globalisation has significantly reduced the ability of governments to govern via its by-products such as the internet and by contributing to the growth of domestic and transnational terrorism in different ways. It also mentioned that globalisation can bring opportunities for countries to effectively reduce corruption. However, it cannot be denied that globalisation is an inevitable phenomenon and plays an important role in the development of every country in the world. Thus, it is crucial for governments to learn how to strengthen opportunities created by globalisation and view its many challenges as excellent opportunities to better cooperate with governments on a global scale to produce solutions for global problems, such as terrorism, internet security, sustainability, and global peace. These important areas suggest excellent topic areas for further research. References Asongu, S. (2014). Globalization (fighting), corruption and development. Journal of Economic Studies, 41(3), 346-369. Doi:10.1108/JES-04-2012-0048 Baines, H. V., Ursah, J. R. (2009). Globalization: Understanding, management, and effects. New York: Nova Science Publishers, Inc. Bussolo, M., Bonaglia, F., Braga de Macedo, J. (2001). How globalisation improves governance. OECD Publishing. Doi: 10.1787/774554632487 Daalder, I. H., Lindsay, J. M. (2003). The globalization of politics. The Brookings Review, 21(1), 12. Galicki, A., Havens, D., Pelker, A. (2014). Computer crimes. American Criminal Law Review, 51(4), 875. Horner, K. (1997). Internet: A definition. Retail Delivery Strategies, (8), 5. Indridason, I. H. (2008). Does terrorism influence domestic politics? Coalition formation and terrorist incidents. Journal of Peace Research, 45(2), 241-259. Doi: 10.1177/0022343307087183 Jones, P. (2012). The arab spring. International Journal, 67(2), 447. Kampf, Z. (2014). Newsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ Media and terrorism: Changing relationship, changing definitions. Sociology Compass, 8(1), 1-9. Doi:10.1111/soc4.12099 Lalountas, D. A., Manolas, G. A., Vavouras, I. S. (2011). Corruption, globalization and development: How are these three phenomena related? Journal of Policy Modelling, 33(4), 636-648. Doi:10.1016/j.jpolmod.2011.02.001 Madeley, J. (2009). Globalisation. Appropriate Technology, 36(1), 52. Miles, A. (2011). Why the Chinese cyber attack is the ultimate scare story? London: New Statesman Ltd. Morozov, E. (2010). The Internet. Foreign Policy, (179), 40. Palfrey, J. (2004). The end of the experiment: How ICANNs foray into global internet democracy failed. Harvard Journal of Law Technology, 17(2), 409. Porter, B. (2014). What is ISIS? Sydney: Australian Broadcasting Corporation. Retrieved from http://www.abc.net.au/news/2014-06-12/what-is-isis/5518990. Rose, R. (2005). Introduction: The internet and governance in a global context. Journal of Public Policy, 25(1), 1-3. Seligson, M. A. (2002). The impact of corruption on regime legitimacy: A comparative study of four Latin American countries. The Journal of Politics, 64(2), 408-433. Doi:10.1111/1468-2508.00132 Shlapentokh, D. (2012). The intellectual and political exchange among jihadists: The case of Mustafa Setmarian Nasar (abu musab al-suri). Journal of Applied Security Research, 7(3), 301. Stohl, R., Grillot, S. (2013). The international arms trade. Hoboken: Polity. Van Acker, E., Curran, G. (2004). Governing business and globalisation. Frenchs Forest, NSW: Pearson Education. Van der Westhuizen, C. (2009). Power and insecurity: The politics of globalisation. Hervormde Teologiese Studies, 65(1), 1-7. Williams, L. K., Koch, M. T., Smith, J. M. (2013). The political consequences of terrorism: Terror events, casualties, and government duration. International Studies Perspectives, 14(3), 343-361. Doi:10.1111/j.1528-3585.2012.00498.x Zimmermann, E. (2011). Globalization and terrorism. European Journal of Political Economy, 27, 152-161. Doi:10.1016/j.ejpoleco.2011.09.003

One Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich

Novel Review1. PST-T chart PlotGot up to go to bucket Didn't get up at reveille Wondered which guard is on duty Decided he can lie in bed a little while longer Decided to report sick Got 3 days penalty with work for not getting up on time Got dressed Followed Tartar out of room Realised he wasnt being sent to the guardhouse Thanked the guard for letting him off and said he'll never get up late again Picked up pail and with bare hands (because he forgot his gloves) went to the well Put pail down, tucked hands into sleeves and watched some people in interest Ran to well Carried dripping bucket back to guardroom Took boots off and washed floor barefoot Wiped floor boards Eats soup Gets fever examined Returns to hut for body count Hides bread in mattress Thinks about wife's letter Marched off for work at Power Station Admires Alyoshka Tries to keep wind out with tar paper Sneaks an extra helping of food Sees scrap metal in snow and takes it Works and is late to lunch Wants to hide the trowel At body search he pani cs but the guard doesn't find the metal Makes way to hall for supper Awarded 400 grams of bread After body count he prepares to sleep Helps hide Tsezars parcel Gets awarded biscuits and a little bit of sausage Thanks god Alyoshka urges him to pray properly and to pursue the goods of the spirit not the flesh Reflects on this comment Gives him a biscuit MeditatesSubjects/SymbolsBread/foodParcelSpoonPrisoner #MoonColdTechniquesSimileMetaphorImageryPersonificationDiction (informal)ForeshadowingRepetitionTheme StatementsThe little things in life should be appreciated.You cannot understand someone if you are not them.Maintaining your dignity in tough life situations makes life more bearableMeaningful Quotationsâ€Å"Can a man who's warm understand one who's freezing?†Ã¢â‚¬Å"Writing letters was like throwing stones into a bottomless pool.†Ã¢â‚¬Å"Even a prisoners thoughts aren't free†¦Ã¢â‚¬ Ã¢â‚¬Å"Easy money doesn't weigh anything†¦Ã¢â‚¬ Ã¢â‚¬Å"Beat a dog once and y ou'll only have to show him the whip.†CharactersIvan – thin, weedy, darkeyed sergeantTyurin – the foreman of gang 104Tetyukor – begs for scrapsAlyoshka – devout baptistPavlo – the deputy of gang 104Kolya – a poetBuyhovsky – the captainGopchik – innocent sixteen year old boyEino – estonianKildigs – talented bricklayerSnub Nose – wardenTsezar – receives regular packagesSymbols/ MotifsBread/food – Is mentioned all throughout the text. The prisoners obsess over the amount of food they get so much, it's clear how mistreated they are. The bread represents survival and that the little things in life should be cherished.Cold – The cold not only represents the weather, but represents the abuse and mistreatment of the prisoners too. Also mentioned all throughout the text, usually along the lines of â€Å"Can a man who's warm understand one who's freezing.† Also representing the theme of: you cannot understand someone if you are not them.Parcel – The parcels represent survival; the inmates who keep them to themselves are healthier like Kildigs. They also represent corruption and bribery in Tsezars case; he bribes inmates to get his way. Which also ties into power because they have more power over the inmates and even some of the guards.Spoon – Shukhov's spoon represents individuality and a struggle to keep humanity and free will. It is his and only his; not controlled by the camp. It's his little secret and his way of trying to keep some freedom and privacy.Moon – The moon represents hope and reminds the inmates of the world beyond their confinement. It gives them something to hold on to and reminds them of home and the people they loved. Which I think ties into appreciation of the small things.SignificanceIvan – We spend the whole day through Ivan and experience what he does. He is vital because the story through his eyes is what mak es the story HIS story. Based on what the author has given us I think Ivan is a good man who just wants to be free.Tsezar – Represents the higher class people having a hard time getting used to the camp. I think he's vital to the story because he's the one who always gets the parcel's and he chooses to share. Based on him getting gifts all the time from his family and him focusing on movies and film making, rather than his own survival, I think he is wealthy and is having a rough time adjusting to the life at camp.Opening scene – The opening scene tells the ways of the camp. Shows that Ivan doesn't feel good and establishes the theme of injustice and oppression by authority with the unfair punishment should've received. Foreshadows to punishments that will be given later on.Closing scene – The closing scene shows how his point of view on happiness has changed; and that he is almost happy. Emphasises how much of a survivor he is by showing us how he always looks on the brightside. And really makes us think back at the end when Alexander tells us that this is only one of his 3,653 day sentence.Scenesâ€Å"Then he took out the piece of bread in the white rag and, holding it under his coat so that not a crumb would be lost, began nibbling and chewing it bit by bit. He'd carried the bread underneath two layers of clothing, warming it with his body, so it wasn't the least bit frozen.† Shows that even the slightest bit of food is treasured so much because they get so little. Ties into the themes of mistreatment and appreciation of what you have.â€Å"Shukhov licked his spoon clean and returned it to his boot, then put on his cap and made for sick bay.† and then â€Å"Shukhov licked his spoon and tucked it inside his boot, crammed his cap on his head, rose, picked up the bread- his own ration and Tsezar's – and left.† These scenes show him trying to gain some individuality and some humanity by having this spoon be his l ittle secret.† Shukhov went to sleep fully content. He'd had so many strokes of luck that day: they hadn't put him in the cells; they hadn't sent his squad to the settlement; he'd swiped a bowl of kasha dinner; the squad leader had fixed the rates well; he'd built a wall and enjoyed doing it; he'd smuggled that bit of the hacksaw blade and through; he'd earned a favor from Tsezar that evening; he'd bought that tobacco. And he hadn't fallen ill. He'd got over it. A day without a dark cloud. Almost a happy day.† Shows how drastically his idea of happiness changed. Ties into the theme of appreciation of the little things. One Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich Novel Review1. PST-T chart PlotGot up to go to bucket Didn't get up at reveille Wondered which guard is on duty Decided he can lie in bed a little while longer Decided to report sick Got 3 days penalty with work for not getting up on time Got dressed Followed Tartar out of room Realised he wasnt being sent to the guardhouse Thanked the guard for letting him off and said he'll never get up late again Picked up pail and with bare hands (because he forgot his gloves) went to the well Put pail down, tucked hands into sleeves and watched some people in interest Ran to well Carried dripping bucket back to guardroom Took boots off and washed floor barefoot Wiped floor boards Eats soup Gets fever examined Returns to hut for body count Hides bread in mattress Thinks about wife's letter Marched off for work at Power Station Admires Alyoshka Tries to keep wind out with tar paper Sneaks an extra helping of food Sees scrap metal in snow and takes it Works and is late to lunch Wants to hide the trowel At body search he pani cs but the guard doesn't find the metal Makes way to hall for supper Awarded 400 grams of bread After body count he prepares to sleep Helps hide Tsezars parcel Gets awarded biscuits and a little bit of sausage Thanks god Alyoshka urges him to pray properly and to pursue the goods of the spirit not the flesh Reflects on this comment Gives him a biscuit MeditatesSubjects/SymbolsBread/foodParcelSpoonPrisoner #MoonColdTechniquesSimileMetaphorImageryPersonificationDiction (informal)ForeshadowingRepetitionTheme StatementsThe little things in life should be appreciated.You cannot understand someone if you are not them.Maintaining your dignity in tough life situations makes life more bearableMeaningful Quotationsâ€Å"Can a man who's warm understand one who's freezing?†Ã¢â‚¬Å"Writing letters was like throwing stones into a bottomless pool.†Ã¢â‚¬Å"Even a prisoners thoughts aren't free†¦Ã¢â‚¬ Ã¢â‚¬Å"Easy money doesn't weigh anything†¦Ã¢â‚¬ Ã¢â‚¬Å"Beat a dog once and y ou'll only have to show him the whip.†CharactersIvan – thin, weedy, darkeyed sergeantTyurin – the foreman of gang 104Tetyukor – begs for scrapsAlyoshka – devout baptistPavlo – the deputy of gang 104Kolya – a poetBuyhovsky – the captainGopchik – innocent sixteen year old boyEino – estonianKildigs – talented bricklayerSnub Nose – wardenTsezar – receives regular packagesSymbols/ MotifsBread/food – Is mentioned all throughout the text. The prisoners obsess over the amount of food they get so much, it's clear how mistreated they are. The bread represents survival and that the little things in life should be cherished.Cold – The cold not only represents the weather, but represents the abuse and mistreatment of the prisoners too. Also mentioned all throughout the text, usually along the lines of â€Å"Can a man who's warm understand one who's freezing.† Also representing the theme of: you cannot understand someone if you are not them.Parcel – The parcels represent survival; the inmates who keep them to themselves are healthier like Kildigs. They also represent corruption and bribery in Tsezars case; he bribes inmates to get his way. Which also ties into power because they have more power over the inmates and even some of the guards.Spoon – Shukhov's spoon represents individuality and a struggle to keep humanity and free will. It is his and only his; not controlled by the camp. It's his little secret and his way of trying to keep some freedom and privacy.Moon – The moon represents hope and reminds the inmates of the world beyond their confinement. It gives them something to hold on to and reminds them of home and the people they loved. Which I think ties into appreciation of the small things.SignificanceIvan – We spend the whole day through Ivan and experience what he does. He is vital because the story through his eyes is what mak es the story HIS story. Based on what the author has given us I think Ivan is a good man who just wants to be free.Tsezar – Represents the higher class people having a hard time getting used to the camp. I think he's vital to the story because he's the one who always gets the parcel's and he chooses to share. Based on him getting gifts all the time from his family and him focusing on movies and film making, rather than his own survival, I think he is wealthy and is having a rough time adjusting to the life at camp.Opening scene – The opening scene tells the ways of the camp. Shows that Ivan doesn't feel good and establishes the theme of injustice and oppression by authority with the unfair punishment should've received. Foreshadows to punishments that will be given later on.Closing scene – The closing scene shows how his point of view on happiness has changed; and that he is almost happy. Emphasises how much of a survivor he is by showing us how he always looks on the brightside. And really makes us think back at the end when Alexander tells us that this is only one of his 3,653 day sentence.Scenesâ€Å"Then he took out the piece of bread in the white rag and, holding it under his coat so that not a crumb would be lost, began nibbling and chewing it bit by bit. He'd carried the bread underneath two layers of clothing, warming it with his body, so it wasn't the least bit frozen.† Shows that even the slightest bit of food is treasured so much because they get so little. Ties into the themes of mistreatment and appreciation of what you have.â€Å"Shukhov licked his spoon clean and returned it to his boot, then put on his cap and made for sick bay.† and then â€Å"Shukhov licked his spoon and tucked it inside his boot, crammed his cap on his head, rose, picked up the bread- his own ration and Tsezar's – and left.† These scenes show him trying to gain some individuality and some humanity by having this spoon be his l ittle secret.† Shukhov went to sleep fully content. He'd had so many strokes of luck that day: they hadn't put him in the cells; they hadn't sent his squad to the settlement; he'd swiped a bowl of kasha dinner; the squad leader had fixed the rates well; he'd built a wall and enjoyed doing it; he'd smuggled that bit of the hacksaw blade and through; he'd earned a favor from Tsezar that evening; he'd bought that tobacco. And he hadn't fallen ill. He'd got over it. A day without a dark cloud. Almost a happy day.† Shows how drastically his idea of happiness changed. Ties into the theme of appreciation of the little things.

Life Essay Title Samples Options

Life Essay Title Samples Options The Chronicles of Life Essay Title Samples With the advances in technology, it's much easier to title sharks than previously. The best method to find out more about conclusions and bottom lines is to acquire few professionally written essay conclusion examples. When you've written your supporting suggestions and facts, return and ask yourself whether you would love to compose a brief introductory paragraph. In scenarios whenever there isn't any author, the references have to be listed alphabetically by their titles. Life Essay Title Samples and Life Essay Title Samples - The Perfect Combination Moreover, the teacher is more inclined to be interested in the subject. Students lead busy lives and frequently forget about an approaching deadline. With a last exam, the student can only begin studying after they've learned the info. Each student requires the maximum grade. To start with, you want to concentrate on what type of essay you will writ e. Make certain you insert quotation mark in which you use other's quotes. Needless to say, the tone of your essay has an important part in making an ideal title. Since there's an inclination to say, yes to questions so you do not drop face, the way you phrase a question is essential. The Ultimate Life Essay Title Samples Trick These tips offer you some helpful guidelines which will help you prepare your paper and make sure that it's formatted properly. With our custom made essay offer, you can be certain to get any kind of essay help you're looking for. If you like you may look online and find one that you like. Ideally, you wish to choose a subject that's specific enough to let you fully research and learn more about the topic, but not so specific that you have a challenging time finding sources of information. Introducing Life Essay Title Samples Sample Section Headings The subsequent sample headings are supposed to be used only as a reference. The format of the works cited page also varies in line with the manner of citation used in your text. Don't forget, any source employed in your essay has to be included in your reference section. Every essay needs to have a list of materials utilized in the text. Using Life Essay Title Samples In some instances, the author may use a custom made essay title at the start of the writing process that they may change when the essay was completed. Our specialists help you produce a custom made essay title with an essay title structure that will certainly draw the broad attention your work deserves. Try out professional online writing service full of talented writers who will develop the most effective, intriguing essay title and the remainder of the paper! When you are requested to select or make your own essay title for a bit of work, like a dissertation or thesis, you may suddenly realise that, what might look like greater freedom, is really a challenge instead. If you become such a template, all you have to do is only to write down information on essay topic, author and the class. MLA essay format is most commonly used within the field of humanities and liberal arts. Before you start your essay, familiarize yourself with a few of the fundamentals. This sort of essay is made on the grounds of an interview performed by the author of the paper. Top Life Essay Title Samples Choices It's simpler to produce the appropriate title knowing the whole essay's structure and the arguments discussed. In fact, the majority of authors never begin with the title. Students should be aware that essay cover page means the same thing as title page. Explore the list of the principal tips explaining how to pick a great title for an essay. Making up an effective title may end up being the absolute most difficult portion of your essay. Choose which kind of essay you want to produce before you start to consider about a title. You also ought to check whether you will need title page whatsoever. From time to time, the essay title page is an important factor of the impression made through an academic paper. Why Almost Everything You've Learned About Life Essay Title Samples Is Wrong Tomorrow you'll see a couple more points to speak about and think of additional methods to say things. Such titles indicate that you're likely to try to narrate years of your life in a couple hundred words. In creative assignments, it's possible to apply a very long song lyric. Naming a work of literature is another art. 20 suggestions to turn into a thriving freelance writer. The author should incorporate any information which helps readers easily recognize the source, without including unnecessary information that could be distracting . You need to get readers interested. Your readers ought to be able to adhere to the circulation of your argument without becoming distracted by extra info. As soon as you are conversant with the process, you can use it in order to document any source, for any paper, in any area. The container might also be a television collection, which is composed of episodes. After you learn more about the core elements that needs to be included in each entry in the Works Cited list, you will have the ability to create documentation for practically any sort of source.

Vertebrates - Vertebrata - the Animal Encyclopedia

Vertebrates (Vertebrata) are a group of chordates that includes birds, mammals, fishes,  lampreys, amphibians, and reptiles. Vertebrates have a vertebral column in which the notochord is replaced by multiple vertebrae that form a backbone. The vertebrae surround and protect a nerve cord and provide the animal with structural support.  Vertebrates have a well-developed head, a distinct brain that is protected by a skull, and paired sense organs. They also have a highly efficient respiratory system, a muscular pharynx with slits and gills (in terrestrial vertebrates the slits and gills are greatly modified), a muscularized gut, and a chambered heart. Another notable character of vertebrates is their endoskeleton. An endoskeleton is an internal assemblage of notochord, bone or cartilage that provides the animal with structural support. The endoskeleton grows as the animal grows and provides a sturdy framework to which the animals muscles are attached. The vertebral column in vertebrates is one of the groups defining characteristics. In most vertebrates, a notochord is present early in their development. The notochord is a flexible yet supportive rod that runs along the length of the body. As the animal develops, the notochord is replaced by a series of vertebrae that form the vertebral column. Basal vertebrates such as cartilaginous fishes and ray-finned fishes breath using gills. Amphibians have external gills in the larval stage of their development and (in most species) lungs as adults. Higher vertebrates—such as reptiles, birds, and mammals—have lungs instead of gills. For many years, the earliest vertebrates were thought to be the ostracoderms, a group of jawless, bottom-dwelling, filter-feeding marine animals. But during the past decade, researchers have discovered several fossil vertebrates that are older than the ostracoderms. These newly discovered specimens, which are about 530 million years old, include Myllokunmingia and Haikouichthys. These fossils exhibit numerous vertebrate traits such as a heart, paired eyes, and primitive vertebrae. The origin of jaws marked an important point in vertebrate evolution. Jaws enabled vertebrates to capture and consume larger prey than their jawless ancestors. Scientists believe that jaws arose via the modification of the first or second-gill arches. This adaptation is thought to have at first been a way of increasing gill ventilation. Later, as musculature developed and the gill arches bent forward, the structure functioned as jaws. Of all living vertebrates, only the lampreys lack jaws. Key Characteristics The key characteristics of vertebrates include: vertebral columnwell-developed headdistinct brainpaired sense organsefficient respiratory systemmuscular pharynx with slits and gillsmuscularized gutchambered heartendoskeleton Species Diversity Approximately 57,000 species.  Vertebrates account for about 3% of all known species on our planet. The other 97% of species alive today are invertebrates. Classification Vertebrates are classified within the following taxonomic hierarchy: Animals Chordates Vertebrates Vertebrates are divided into the following taxonomic groups: Bony fishes (Osteichthyes) - There are about 29,000 species of bony fishes alive today. Members of this group include ray-finned fishes and lobe-finned fishes. Bony fishes are so named because they have a skeleton made of true bone.Cartilaginous fishes (Chondricthyes) - There are about 970 species of cartilaginous fishes alive today. Members of this group include sharks, rays, skates, and chimaeras. Cartilaginous fishes have a skeleton that is made of cartilage instead of bone.Lampreys and Hagfishes (Agnatha) - There are about 40 species of lamprey alive today. Members of this group include pouched lampreys, Chilean lampreys, Australian lampreys, northern lampreys, and others. Lampreys are jawless vertebrates that have a long narrow body. They lack scales and have a sucker-like mouth.Tetrapods (Tetrapoda) - There are about 23,000 species of tetrapods alive today. Members of this group include birds, mammals, amphibians, and reptiles. Tetrapods are vertebrates with four limbs (or whos e ancestors had four limbs). References Hickman C, Roberts L, Keen S. Animal Diversity. 6th ed. New York: McGraw Hill; 2012. 479 p. Hickman C, Roberts L, Keen S, Larson A, lAnson H, Eisenhour D. Integrated Principles of Zoology 14th ed. Boston MA: McGraw-Hill; 2006. 910 p.